The Significant Prognosticators of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma - Review

Blogger's Note:  this review is not specific to genetics pre-disposition (eg. Lynch syndrome)

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 (Surgical section)  In conclusion, RNU with bladder cuff excision has to be considered the gold standard treatment of UTUC regardless of the tumor location and stage. Although laparoscopic approaches have been described, further advanced or large studies should be performed to confirm the results.

Article Outline

1. 1. Introduction
2. 2. Materials and methods
3. 3. Results
   1. 3.1. Clinicopathological characteristics
      1. 3.1.1. Chronic kidney disease
      2. 3.1.2. Sex
      3. 3.1.3. Previous/synchronous bladder tumor
      4. 3.1.4. Tumor location
   2. 3.2. Surgical factors
      1. 3.2.1. Types of surgery
      2. 3.2.2. Bladder cuff management
   3. 3.3. Molecular markers
      1. 3.3.1. p53
      2. 3.3.2. Glutathione S-transferase
      3. 3.3.3. Cyclooxygenase-2
      4. 3.3.4. TG-interacting Factor
      5. 3.3.5. Nuclear factor-κB
      6. 3.3.6. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1
      7. 3.3.7. Osteopontin
4. 4. Conclusion
5. Conflicts of Interest
6. Sources of Funding
7. References