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Infertility etiologies are genetically and clinically linked with other diseases in single meta-diseases

abstract

The present review aims to ascertain whether different infertility etiologies share particular genes and/or molecular pathways with other pathologies and are associated with distinct and particular risks of later-life morbidity and mortality. In order to reach this aim, we use two different sources of information: (1) a public web server named DiseaseConnect ( http://disease-connect.org ) focused on the analysis of common genes and molecular mechanisms shared by diseases by integrating comprehensive omics and literature data; and (2) a literature search directed to find clinical comorbid relationships of infertility etiologies with only those diseases appearing after infertility is manifested. This literature search is performed because DiseaseConnect web server does not discriminate between pathologies emerging before, concomitantly or after infertility is manifested.

Data show that different infertility etiologies not only share particular genes and/or molecular pathways with other pathologies but they have distinct clinical relationships with other diseases appearing after infertility is manifested. In particular, (1) testicular and high-grade prostate cancer in male infertility; (2) non-fatal stroke and endometrial cancer, and likely non-fatal coronary heart disease and ovarian cancer in polycystic ovary syndrome; (3) osteoporosis, psychosexual dysfunction, mood disorders and dementia in premature ovarian failure; (4) breast and ovarian cancer in carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations in diminished ovarian reserve; (5) clear cell and endometrioid histologic subtypes of invasive ovarian cancer, and likely low-grade serous invasive ovarian cancer, melanoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in endometriosis; and (6) endometrial and ovarian cancer in idiopathic infertility.

The present data endorse the principle that the occurrence of a disease (in our case infertility) is non-random in the population and suggest that different infertility etiologies are genetically and clinically linked with other diseases in single meta-diseases. This finding opens new insights for clinicians and reproductive biologists to treat infertility problems using a phenomic approach instead of considering infertility as an isolated and exclusive disease of the reproductive system/hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. In agreement with a previous validation analysis of the utility of DiseaseConnect web server, the present study does not show a univocal correspondence between common gene expression and clinical comorbid relationship. Further work is needed to untangle the potential genetic, epigenetic and phenotypic relationships that may be present among different infertility etiologies, morbid conditions and physical/cognitive traits.

Retraction Note: The effects of dexamethasone on the proliferation and apoptosis of human ovarian cancer cells induced by paclitaxel

Retraction Note

J Ovarian Res. 2015 Mar 26;8(1):16.

Hou W¹, Guan J¹, Lu H¹, Dong Q¹, Han Y¹, Zhang R¹.

Author information

  

Retraction Note

Retraction Note: The effects of dexamethasone on the proliferation and apoptosis of human ovarian cancer cells induced by paclitaxel

Wenjing Hou, Jianhua Guan, Huan Lu, Qian Dong, Yuhong Han and Rong Zhang^*

• * Corresponding author: Rong Zhang rongzhangrz@hotmail.com

Author Affiliations

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiaotong University-Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital of Fengxian Branch, 6600 Nanfeng Road, Shanghai 201499, People’s Republic of China

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Journal of Ovarian Research 2015, 8:16  doi:10.1186/s13048-015-0144-4

The online version of the original article can be found under doi: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13048-014-0089-z
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.ovarianresearch.com/content/8/1/16

Received:	26 January 2015
Accepted:	27 February 2015
Published:	26 March 2015

© 2015 Hou et al.; licensee BioMed Central.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Retraction

The Publisher and Editor regretfully retract this article [1] because the peer-review process was inappropriately influenced and compromised. As a result, the scientific integrity of the article cannot be guaranteed. A systematic and detailed investigation suggests that a third party was involved in supplying fabricated details of potential peer reviewers for a large number of manuscripts submitted to different journals. In accordance with recommendations from COPE we have retracted all affected published articles, including this one. It was not possible to determine beyond doubt that the authors of this particular article were aware of any third party attempts to manipulate peer review of their manuscript.

References

Hou W, Guan J, Lu H, Dong Q, Han Y, Zhang R. The effects of dexamethasone on the proliferation and apoptosis of human ovarian cancer cells induced by paclitaxel. J Ovarian Res. 2014; 7:89. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text